General description:- Herbs, rarely shrubs.
Leaves:- Alternate; lamina usually large and much-divided; petiole often inflated and sheathing at base. Stipules absent.
The primary divisions of the leaves are referred to as segments and the ultimate divisions, cut nearly or quite to the midrib, as lobes. The lobes may themselves sometimes be deeply lobed. The leaves are never truly pinnate, but are described as pinnate, for brevity, when the lamina is divided to the midrib.
Flowers:- Inflorescence usually a compound umbel. Flowers epigynous, small, hermaphrodite or unisexual, the plant rarely dioecious. Sepals usually small or absent; petals 5, usually more or less 3-lobed, the middle lobe inflexed; outer petals sometimes much larger than inner (radiate); stamens 5; carpels (1-)2, usually attached to a central axis (carpophore), from which the mericarps separate at maturity; styles (1-)2, often with a thickened base (stylopodium); ovule 1 in each loculus, pendent.
Descriptions of umbels refer to the terminal, or other well-developed umbel: lateral umbels are often smaller, with fewer rays, and may be entirely male. Bracts are the structures which subtend the primary branches (rays) of a compound umbel, and bracteoles are those which subtend the partial umbel, or the whole of a simple umbel. When the stylopodium is described, the description refers to the stylopodium of a hermaphrodite flower.
Fruit:- Dry; pericarp membranous or exocarp variously indurated; endocarp rarely woody. Mericarps usually joined by a narrow or wide commissure; each mericarp more or less compressed laterally or dorsally, with 5 longitudinal veins, usually with ridges over them, separated by valleculae or sometimes with 4 secondary ridges alternating with the primary; resin canals (vittae) usually present between the primary ridges and on the commissural face.
Descriptions of the ridges of the fruit refer to the primary ridges, unless otherwise specified.
Ripe fruit is essential for the certain identification of some genera, though with a little experience the characters of the ripe fruit can often be deduced from a careful examination of unripe fruit or even the ovary.
AMMI
Leaves:- 1- to 3-pinnate or -ternate.
Flowers:- Sepals very small or absent. Petals white or yellowish, obcordate, the outer larger; apex inflexed.
Fruit:- Ovoid or ovoid-oblong, slightly compressed laterally, constricted at the commissure. Primary ridges filiform, prominent; vittae solitary.
Key features:-
1) Upper leaves pinnately divided into linear to oblong lobes, or without lamina.
2) At least some bracts 3-fid or pinnatisect.
3) Fruit not more than 2·5 mm.
4) Most leaf-lobes 10 mm or more.
APIUM
Leaves:- Pinnate, or the upper ternate.
Flowers:- Sepals minute or absent. Petals whitish, not emarginate; apex sometimes inflexed.
Fruit:- Ovoid, or elliptic-oblong, laterally compressed. Ridges usually stout; vittae solitary.
Key features:-
1) Leaf-segments ovate.
2) Bracts 0, or few and entire.
3) Lowest leaves at least 2-pinnate or 2-ternate.
4) Finely divided submerged leaves present at flowering time.
5) Rays 1-3.
6) Rhizome 0.
7) Most umbels sessile or subsessile.
BIFORA
Leaves:- Submerged, 2- to 3-pinnate, with linear lobes; aerial leaves usually pinnate, with broad lobes.
Flowers:- Sepals present, sometimes very small. Petals white, obcordate; apex inflexed.
Fruit:- Sub-didymous, slightly compressed laterally. Ridges slender or broad, the lateral not marginal on the mericarps; vittae deeply embedded; stylopodium conical.
1) Bracts numerous, large, pinnatisect, persistent.
2) Stylopodium conical
BUBON
Leaves 2- to 5-pinnate, with narrow lobes. Sepals small. Petals white or perhaps rarely yellow, emarginate or 2-lobed, sometimes pubescent beneath or ciliate; apex inflexed, long. Fruit oblong-ovoid to ovoid, scarcely compressed, pubescent, narrowed to a short beak. Ridges low; vittae 1-2.
Key features:-
1) Bracteoles free.
2) Fruit distinctly narrowed below the stylopodium.
3) Rays 5 or more; nodes not swollen.
BUNIUM
Stock:- A more or less globose tuber. Subterranean part of the stem flexuous.
Leaves:- 2- to 3-pinnate with narrow lobes.
Flowers:- Sepals small or absent. Petals white, obcordate; apex inflexed.
Fruit:- Oblong-obovoid or oblong, laterally compressed. Ridges thick and prominent or slender; vittae 1-3. Stylopodium abruptly contracted into the style. Cotyledon solitary through abortion.
Key features:-
1) Sepals entire or 0.
2) Partial umbels with more than1 flower.
3) Ovary bilocular.
4) Flowering stem with a flexuous, subterranean part.
5) Basal leaves with partly subterranean petioles.
6) Stylopodium abruptly contracted into the styles.
BUPLEURUM
Leaves:- Simple.
Flowers:- Sepals usually absent. Petals yellow, not emarginate; apex inflexed.
Fruit:- Usually ovoid or oblong. Ridges usually conspicuous; vittae 1-5.
Key features:-
1) Leaves not septate and fistular.
2) Flowers in compound umbels; petals yellow.
Sect. ISOPHYLLUM
General description:- Annual or perennial.
Leaves:- Leaves sessile, linear, rarely wider and petiolate; veins 3-many, more or less parallel, the lateral usually few, short, inconspicuous; marginal vein more or less distinct.
Subsect. JUNCEA
General description:- Annual.
Leaves:- Narrow, 3- to 11(-19) veined; veins more or less parallel.
Flowers:- Bracteoles herbaceous, flat, acute, 3-veined.
Fruit:- Not papillose.
Subsect. TRACHYCARPA
General description:- Annual.
Leaves:- Narrow, 3- to 7-veined; veins more or less parallel.
Flowers:- bracteoles herbaceous, flat, acute, 3-veined.
CACHRYS
Leaves:- 2- to 4-pinnate, with linear lobes.
Flowers:- Sepals conspicuous to obsolete. Petals yellow, ovate; apex involute.
Fruit:- subdidymous. Ridges thick, undulately winged and papillose, or wide and smooth; vittae numerous.
1) Stout perennial.
2) Bracts numerous.
3) Dorsal ridges of fruit with wings as wide as the lateral.
4) Leaf-lobes not fleshy, filiform or linear-obovate.
5) Fruit 7-25 mm., almost or quite smooth; ridges very wide, corky, ± confluent
CHAEROPHYLLUM
Leaves:- 1- to 3-pinnate or ternate.
Flowers:- Sepals obsolete. Petals white, pinkish or yellow, distinctly notched at the apex (emarginate); and curved inwards (inflexed).
Fruit:- Narrowly oblong to very narrowly ovoid, more or less gradually narrowed towards the scarcely beaked apex, slightly compressed laterally. Ridges wide and rounded; vittae solitary.
Key features:-
1) Fruit with low, rounded ridges; at least 5 times as long as wide.
2) Bracteoles numerous.
3) Leaf-lobes linear to linear-oblong.
4) Most cauline leaves with lamina.
5) Plant without a ± globose subterranean stock.
CONIUM
Leaves:- 2- to 4-pinnate; lobes serrate or pinnatifid.
Flowers:- Sepals absent. Petals white, obcordate; apex inflexed.
Fruit:- Subglobose, laterally compressed. Ridges prominent, often undulate-crispate; vittae absent.
Key features:-
1) Leaf-lobes linear-lanceolate to ovate.
2) Ridges of fruit strongly undulate.
3) Stem purple-spotted.
CORIANDRUM
Leaves:- Lowest lobed, others 1- to 3-pinnate.
Flowers:- Sepals conspicuous, unequal. Petals white, the outer larger and deeply 2-lobed; apex inflexed.
Fruit:- Ovoid or globose, hard; mericarps not separating at maturity. Ridges low; vittae solitary, inconspicuous in fruit.
Key features:-
1) Fruit globose, smooth, except for the longitudinal ridges.
2) Mericarps not separating at maturity.
DAUCUS
Leaves:- 2- to 3-pinnate.
Flowers:- Bracts several, usually pinnatisect. Sepals small or obsolete. Petals white, yellowish or purplish, the outer often radiate; apex inflexed.
Fruit:- Ellipsoid to ovoid, cylindrical or somewhat compressed dorsally; primary ridges thread-like (filiform), fringed with hairs (ciliate); secondary ridges with a single row of spines.
Key features:-
1) Both mericarps similar.
2) Fruit with broad, or tubercle-based prickles arranged in 1-3 rows on the ridges.
3) At least some bracts 3-fid or pinnatisect.
Sect. DAUCUS
Leaves:- Leaf-lobes petiolulate.
Flowers:- Umbels pedunculate. Styles medium to long, erecto-patent.
ECHINOPHORA
Leaves:- 2- to 3-pinnate.
Flowers:- Sepals pungent, persistent, often unequal in the outer flowers. Petals white or yellow, oblanceolate, emarginate, the outer often larger; apex inflexed.
Fruit:- Ovoid-oblong; styles long, persistent, woody. Ridges low, indistinct; vittae solitary.
Key features:-
1) Leaves 2- to 3-pinnate
ERYNGIUM
General description:- Glabrous herbs.
Leaves:- Entire to 3-pinnatisect, at least the upper softly to pungently spiny.
Flowers:- Inflorescence usually branched; flowers sessile in hemispherical to cylindrical capitula, at the base of which are 3 or more softly to pungently spinescent bracts; entire, 3- or 4-cuspidate (abruptly tipped with a sharp rigid point) bracteoles present at least near the edges of the capitula. Sepals rigid; petals less than 4 mm erect, distinctly notched at the apex (emarginate), shorter than sepals.
Fruit:- Ovoid to subglobose nearly always sparsely or densely covered with scales; mericarps flat on one side, convex on the other (plano-convex), slightly ridged; vittae usually slender; carpophore absent.
Key features:-
1) Leaves deeply and repeatedly divided, or sometimes crenate or dentate
2) Flowers sessile or subsessile in capitula.
FERULA
General description:- Perennial.
Leaves:- 3- to 4-pinnate or -ternate, with usually linear lobes.
Flowers:- Bracts absent; bracteoles absent or few. Sepals absent or minute. Petals yellow.
Fruit:- Elliptical or oblong-elliptical, strongly compressed dorsally, with thin lateral wings closely appressed to one another, and filiform or slightly carinate dorsal ridges. vittae usually numerous.
Key features:-
1) Fruit glabrous on commissural face.
2) Bracteoles 0, rarely 1-2 and caducous.
3) Fruit flat.
FERULAGO
Leaves:- 2- to 3(-4)-pinnate with filiform to linear-lanceolate lobes.
Flowers:- Bracts and bracteoles well-developed and usually conspicuous. Sepals minute. Petals yellow.
Fruit:- Strongly compressed dorsally, with more or less well-developed lateral wings and filiform to distinctly winged dorsal ridges; vittae numerous.
Key features:-
1) Leaf-lobes linear to linear-lanceolate.
FOENICULUM
Leaves:- 3- to 4-pinnate, with long filiform lobes.
Flowers:- Sepals absent. Petals yellow, oblong, scarcely narrowed to the involute apex.
Fruit:- ovoid-oblong, scarcely compressed. Ridges stout, prominent, the lateral somewhat wider than the others; vittae solitary.
Key features:-
1) Fruit less than 3 times as long as wide; scarcely compressed.
2) Bracts and bracteoles 0 or few.
3) Leaf-lobes thread-like (filiform).
4) Rays stout, usually c. 20, very unequal.
GEOCARYUM
Stock:- A more or less globose tuber.
Stem:- Subterranean part flexuous.
Leaves:- 2- to 3-pinnate with narrow lobes.
Flowers:- Sepals small or absent. Petals white, obcordate; apex inflexed.
Fruit:- Linear-oblong, laterally compressed. Ridges thick and prominent or slender; vittae 1-3 absent at maturity. stylopodium attenuate into the style. Cotyledon solitary through abortion.
HELLENOCARUM
Leaves:- 2- to 4-pinnate.
Flowers:- Sepals very small or absent. Petals whitish, rarely pink or yellowish, obovate, distinctly notched at the apex (emarginate); apex inflexed.
Fruit:- Obovoid-oblong, laterally compressed. ridges thread-like (filiform), prominent or almost winged; vittae solitary and wide, or 2-3 and narrow.
Key features:-
1) Bracteoles 0 or few.
2) Upper petioles scarcely inflated.
3) Basal leaves pinnate.
4) Fruit compressed laterally; 3-3½ times as long as wide.
5) Bracts several.
6) Rays very unequal.
7) Leaves linear-oblong in outline.
8) Leaf-lobes 1-2 mm wide, ovate, filiform, entire or pinnatisect.
9) Branches numerous, mostly opposite or whorled.
HYDROCOTYLE
General description:- Perennial. Stipules present.
Flowers:- Inflorescence a simple umbel, or flowers in whorls.
Fruit:- Ovoid-ellipsoid to suborbicular, strongly compressed laterally; fruit-wall with a woody inner layer. Carpophore absent. Ridges prominent to obsolete; vittae conspicuous to obsolete.
Key features:-
1) Flowers distinctly pedicellate, in umbels or rarely whorls.
2) All leaves ± orbicular in outline, crenate or palmately lobed.
All species occur in marshy ground or in shallow water.
KUNDMANNIA
Leaves:- 1- to 2-pinnate; segments ovate.
Flowers:- Sepals small, somewhat accrescent. Petals yellow, broadly ovate; apex involute.
Fruit:- Nearly cylindrical. Ridges slender but prominent; vittae numerous, irregularly arranged.
Key features:-
1) Fruit unwinged; ridges without thickened or wing-like edge.
2) Flowers yellow.
3) Fruit at least 3 times as long as wide.
4) Lobes of lower leaves broadly ovate.
LAGOECIA
General description:- Annual.
Leaves:- Simply pinnate.
Flowers:- Umbels compound. Partial umbels 1-flowered. Bracts and bracteoles leaf-like, pinnatisect. Sepals like the bracteoles, conspicuous. Style 1.
Fruit:- Covered with short, brittle, club-like (clavate) hairs.
Key features:-
1) Cauline leaves not in a single whorl.
2) Stipules none.
3) Sepals finely pinnatisect.
4) Partial umbels with 1 flower.
5) Ovary unilocular.
LECOKIA
Leaves:- 1- to 2-pinnate.
Flowers:- Sepals small. Petals white, obovate; apex involute.
Fruit:- Ovoid-oblong, somewhat compressed laterally, constricted at the commissure, shortly beaked. Ridges thick, corky, muricate; vittae numerous.
Key features:-
1) Perennial.
2) Rays 6-10.
OENANTHE
Leaves:- Pinnate or pinnatisect.
Flowers:- Sepals acute, persistent. Petals white or pale pink, notched, the outer radiating; apex long, inflexed.
Fruit:- Ovoid, cylindrical, obconical or globose; commissure wide. Lateral ridges grooved or thickened, sometimes obscure; vittae solitary.
Key features:-
1) Bracteoles more than ½ as long as longest pedicels.
2) Stems stout, not branched at base.
3) Rays 0·5-1·5 mm diam, 5 or more.
4) Most pedicels shorter than fruit and often becoming thickened.
5) Cauline leaves well-developed.
6) Roots usually tuberous.
OPOPANAX
Leaves:- Pinnate, with star-shaped (stellate) hairs beneath, segments entire or sometimes deeply lobed.
Flowers:- Sepals absent. Petals yellow, ovate-oblong, involute.
Fruit:- Obovate to orbicular, strongly compressed dorsally. Lateral ridges united to form a border surrounding the fruit before splitting open to release the seeds (dehiscence); dorsal ridges slender, low; vittae 2-3.
Key features:-
1) Leaves pinnate.
2) Stipules absent.
3) Petals yellow.
4) Leaf-lobes ovate.
5) Fruit strongly compressed.
ORLAYA
Leaves:- 2-pinnate.
Flowers:- Sepals small or obsolete. Petals white or pink, the outer larger and radiate.
Fruit:- Ovoid, compressed dorsally; primary ridges slender, setulose; secondary ridges with 1 or 2 rows of spines.
Key features:-
1) Rays and upper part of peduncle not densely white-pubescent.
2) Bracts 2-5, conspicuous, at least ½ as long as the smooth rays.
ORMOSOLENIA
Leaves:- Several times pinnate or ternate.
Flowers:- Sepals absent or conspicuous. Petals white, yellow or rarely pink or purplish, broadly ovate; apex long, inflexed.
Fruit:- Strongly compressed dorsally. Lateral ridges winged; wings closely appressed to one another, dorsal ridges usually prominent; vittae 1-3.
Key features:-
1) Dorsal ridges of fruit not or very narrowly winged, convex on the back.
2) Bracteoles (2-)several, persistent.
3) Leaves 1-pinnate or 3-foliolate or ternate.
4) Leaf-lobes less than 30 mm, linear to lanceolate, ovate to suborbicular, ovate-cuneate to ovate-oblong.
5) Bracts 3-6, persistent.
6) Rays glabrous.
PIMPINELLA
General description:- Perennial (10-)30-100 cm.
Leaves:- Basal usually entire or trisect, sometimes 1- to 3-pinnate; middle cauline usually 2-pinnate, with narrow lobes.
Flowers:- Sepals usually minute. Petals white or yellow, rarely pink or purplish, not or slightly emarginate; apex inflexed.
Fruit:- Ovoid-oblong to subglobose, laterally compressed, constricted at the commissure. Ridges filiform, sometimes concealed by hairs, setae or tubercles; vittae (2-)3(-4).
Key features:-
1) Stems slender, branched; ± erect, not rooting at nodes.
2) Petioles of cauline leaves not inflated.
3) Upper leaves palmately divided into filiform lobes, narrowly oblong, ± parallel-sided lobes, or without lamina.
4) Bracteoles 0, rarely 1-3 and falling early (caducous).
5) Rays subequal.
6) Upper petioles strongly inflated.
7) Bracts 0, or few and small, rarely 1-3 and caducous.
8) Fruit ± hairy with smooth, not barbed bristles (glochidiate).
9) Lower leaves simple or 1-pinnate.
PSEUDORLAYA
Leaves:- 2- to 3-pinnate.
Flowers:- Bracts several, linear. Sepals conspicuous. Petals white or purplish, scarcely radiating; apex inflexed.
Fruit:- Ellipsoid; primary ridges filiform, ciliate; secondary ridges with 2-3 rows of glochidiate spines.
Key features:-
1) Bracts simple or none.
2) Rays and upper part of peduncle densely white-pubescent.
SCALIGERA (referenced because of the probable relationship)
Leaves:- 2- to 3-pinnate.
Flowers:- Sepals absent. Petals white, obcordate, shortly clawed; apex inflexed.
Fruit:- Broadly ovoid from a cordate base, compressed laterally, shortly beaked. Ridges slender; vittae 2-3.
Key features:-
1) Stock without fibres.
SCANDIX
Leaves:- (1-)2- to 3-pinnate, with narrow lobes.
Flowers:- Umbels with few rays, sometimes reduced to one ray only. Sepals absent. Petals white, oblong, often very unequal in the outer flowers; apex incurved or inflexed.
Fruit:- Subcylindrical, slightly compressed laterally; beak up to four times as long as the seed-bearing part. Ridges prominent, slender; vittae very slender.
Key features:-
1) Flowering stem without a flexuous, subterranean part.
2) Leaves arising at or above the ground.
3) Beak of the fruit at least as long as the seed-bearing part.
All species occur in open habitats, often as weeds.
SELINUM
Leaves:- 2- to 4-pinnate.
Flowers:- Sepals small. Petals white, obcordate; apex wide, inflexed.
Fruit:- Ovoid or subglobose, slightly compressed laterally. Ridges wide and prominent, the lateral a little more prominent than the others; vittae solitary.
Key features:-
1) Petioles of the cauline leaves sheathing the stem at their base only.
2) Leaf-segments long-stalked.
3) Fruit c. 4 mm.
SESELI
General description:- Biennial or perennial herbs;
Stock:- Usually with fibres.
Leaves:- Several times pinnately or ternately divided.
Flowers:- Bracts 0-16. Sepals absent or small. Petals white, rarely pink or yellow.
Fruit:- Oblong to ellipsoid or ovoid, not strongly compressed. Ridges prominent; vittae usually 1-3.
1) Petals white.
2) Fruit 2·5-4·5 mm. with distinct smooth ridges, subterete, distinctly longer than wide, ± truncate at apex.
3) Bracts 0(-2). much shorter than the rays.
4) Leaf-segments lobed.
5) Rays (10-)20-60
6) Stock with abundant fibres.
7) Stem distinctly grooved or angled, terete, smooth or faintly striate above.
8) Leaf-lobes linear-lanceolate, oblong or ovate, ± dentate.
9) Lower leaves pinnate.
10) Bracteoles connate, at least at the base.
A taxonomically difficult genus containing a number of rare or very local species.
Subgen. SESELI
Flowers:- Sepals less than 0·5 mm, or absent; bracts absent or few, rarely numerous.
SIUM
Leaves:- Submerged 2- to 3-pinnate, with linear lobes; aerial leaves usually pinnate, with broad lobes.
Flowers:- Sepals present, sometimes very small. Petals white, obcordate; apex inflexed.
Fruit:- Ovoid or ovoid-oblong, slightly compressed laterally. Ridges slender or broad, the lateral marginal on the mericarps; vittae 1-3, superficial; stylopodium nearly flat.
Key features:-
1) Lower leaves with at least 9 segments.
2) Leaf-segments serrate.
SMYRNIUM
Leaves:- Lower usually 2- to 3-ternate, upper usually simple.
Flowers:- Sepals absent. Petals yellow, lanceolate to obcordate; apex inflexed.
Fruit:- Ovoid or subglobose, divided into two lobes (didymous). Ridges slender, the marginal usually inconspicuous; vittae numerous, scattered.
Key features:-
1) Cauline leaves sessile or subsessile
2) Flowers yellow, in compound umbels.
3) Leaf-lobes ovate to suborbicular in outline.
4) Stems stout, petioles of cauline leaves strongly inflated.
THAPSIA
Leaves:- (1-)2- to 3-pinnate.
Flowers:- Sepals small. Petals yellow, wedge-shaped (cuneate) or long-clawed; apex inflexed.
Fruit:- Oblong to ovate, compressed dorsally. Primary ridges slender, inconspicuous; dorsal secondary ridges like the primary or sometimes narrowly winged, the marginal ones broadly winged.
Key features:-
1) Stock with fibres.
2) Dorsal ridges of fruit prominent, often winged.
3) Fruit flat.
4) Secondary ridges not winged.
5) Plant nearly glabrous, pruinose.
6) Stock with abundant fibres.
TORDYLIUM
Leaves:- Simple, pinnatisect or pinnate.
Flowers:- Sepals prominent, often unequal. Petals whitish or purplish, wedge-shaped (cuneate) or clawed, outer larger and often 2-lobed; apex inflexed.
Fruit:- Orbicular or ovate-elliptical, strongly compressed dorsally; margin strongly thickened, usually corrugated or lobed; dorsal ridges inconspicuous; vittae usually solitary.
Key features:-
1) Bracts simple or none.
2) Leaves 1-pinnate or simple.
TORILIS
General description:- Annual, rarely biennial.
Leaves:- 1- to 3-pinnate, the segments jaggedly toothed.
Flowers:- Sepals small, rarely conspicuous, persistent. Petals white or pinkish; apex inflexed.
Fruit:- Linear to ovoid, narrowed at the commissure. Ridges slender, ciliate, the grooves between the ridges usually filled with spines or tubercles.
Key features:-
1) Fruit pubescent, hispid, or with prickles.
2) Outer mericarp of each fruit with straight prickles; inner mericarp tuberculate or with short, conical projections.
3) Umbels long-pedunculate, not leaf-opposed.
4) Fruit without a distinct, glabrous beak; densely covered with stiff, rough, minutely glochidiate bristles.
TURGENIA
Leaves:- 2- to 3-pinnate.
Flowers:- Sepals small or obsolete. Petals white or pink, the outer radiating; apex inflexed.
Fruit:- Ellipsoid to ovoid, compressed laterally; the two primary marginal ridges each with a single row of spines or tubercles, and the remaining primary and secondary ridges similar to each other, with spines in 2-3 rows.